Tau qhov twg los: Txawv Teb Chaws Tsiaj Husbandry, npua thiab nqaij qaib, No.01,2019

Abstract: Daim ntawv no qhia txog kev siv ntawmtshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov nqaij qaib, thiab nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov nqaij qaib kev ua tau zoo, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kab mob plab hnyuv, nqaij qaib cov khoom zoo, cov tshuaj residue thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv thov kev cia siab thiab kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev lag luam qaib.

Lo lus tseem ceeb: tshuaj tua kab mob; nqaij qaib; kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm; tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm; tshuaj residue; tshuaj tiv thaiv

Middle Figure Classification No.: S831 Cov ntaub ntawv logo code: C Tshooj No .: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob lossis cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam thiab tua cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm qee qhov concentrations.Moore li al tshaj tawm thawj zaug tias kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev noj zaub mov tau txhim kho qhov hnyav txhua hnub [1] hauv broilers.Tom qab, cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws tau maj mam nce. xyoo 1990, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv kev lag luam qaib pib hauv Suav teb. Tam sim no, ntau tshaj 20 cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau siv dav, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa nqaij qaib thiab tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab mob.Qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm qaib yog qhia raws li hauv qab no.

1; Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm qaib

Daj, dynamycin, bacidin zinc, amamycin, thiab lwm yam., tuaj yeem siv los txhawb kev loj hlob, cov txheej txheem yog: inhibiting lossis tua cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv, cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob plab hnyuv, txo qhov tshwm sim; ua rau tsiaj plab hnyuv phab ntsa nyias, txhim khu plab hnyuv mucosa permeability, accelerate qhov nqus ntawm as-ham; inhibit plab hnyuv microbial kev loj hlob thiab kev ua si, txo cov microbial noj cov as-ham thiab lub zog, thiab ua kom muaj cov as-ham hauv qaib; inhibit plab hnyuv kab mob tsim teeb meem metabolites [2] .Anshengying li al ntxiv tshuaj tua kab mob pub qe qaib, uas nce lawv lub cev hnyav los ntawm 6.24% thaum kawg ntawm lub sij hawm sim, thiab txo qhov zaus ntawm raws plab los ntawm [3].Wan Jianmei thiab al ntxiv cov koob tshuaj sib txawv ntawm Virginamycin thiab enricamycin hauv cov zaub mov tseem ceeb ntawm 1-hnub qub AA broilers, uas nce qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub qhov hnyav nce ntawm 11 mus rau 20 hnub qub broilers thiab qhov nruab nrab noj txhua hnub ntawm 22 mus rau 41 hnub qub broilers; ntxiv flavamycin (5 mg / kg) nce qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav txhua hnub ntawm 22 mus rau 41-hnub qub broilers.Ni Jiang li al. ntxiv 4 mg / kg lincomycin thiab 50 mg / kg zinc; thiab 20 mg / kg colistin rau 26 d, uas ua rau qhov hnyav nce txhua hnub [5].Wang Manhong li al. ntxiv enlamycin, bacracin zinc thiab naceptide rau 42, d raws li nyob rau hauv 1-hnub qub AA nqaij qaib noj, uas muaj kev loj hlob txhawb kev loj hlob, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav txhua hnub nce thiab noj kom tsawg, thiab cov nqaij piv tau txo los ntawm [6].

2; Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov qaib

Kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg thiab nqaij qaib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov kab mob tiv thaiv thiab txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob.Studies tau pom tias kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob mus ntev yuav inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov nqaij qaib tiv thaiv kab mob, txo lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab yooj yim kis kab mob. Cov kab mob.Its immunosuppression mechanism yog: ncaj qha tua cov hnyuv microorganisms los yog inhibiting lawv txoj kev loj hlob, txo cov stimulation ntawm plab hnyuv epithelium thiab plab hnyuv lymphoid cov ntaub so ntswg, yog li txo qhov ua kom lub xeev ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob; cuam ​​tshuam nrog immunoglobulin synthesis; txo cell phagocytosis; thiab txo cov kev ua mitotic ntawm lub cev lymphocytes [7].Jin Jiushan li al. Ntxiv 0.06%, 0.010% thiab 0.15% ntawm chloramphenicol rau 2 mus rau 60 hnub qub broilers, uas muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory tseem ceeb ntawm qaib dysentery thiab avian typhoid fever, tab sis ho inhibited thiab impaired [8] nyob rau hauv lub cev, pob txha pob txha thiab hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun. thiab al pub 1-hnub-laus broilers ib qho khoom noj uas muaj 150 mg / kg goldomycin, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm thymus, spleen thiab bursa txo qis [9] thaum muaj hnub nyoog 42 hnub.Guo Xinhua li al. ntxiv 150 mg / kg ntawm gilomycin nyob rau hauv pub ntawm 1-hnub-laus AA txiv neej, ho inhibiting kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev xws li bursa, humoral tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab hloov pauv tus nqi ntawm T lymphocytes thiab B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang li al. noj 4 mg / kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 mg thiab 20 mg / kg broilers feem, thiab bursac Performance index thiab thymus Performance index thiab spleen Performance index tsis hloov pauv. Qhov tso tawm ntawm IgA nyob rau hauv txhua ntu ntawm peb pawg tau txo qis, thiab cov kua qaub IgM hauv pawg bactereracin zinc txo qis [5].Txawm li cas los xij, Jia Yugang li al. ntxiv 50 mg / kg ntawm gilomycin rau 1-hnub cov txiv neej noj zaub mov kom nce cov nqi ntawm immunoglobulin IgG thiab IgM hauv Tibetan qaib, txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm cytokine IL-2, IL-4 thiab INF-hauv cov ntshav, thiab yog li txhim khu kev qha. kev tiv thaiv kab mob [11], tsis sib xws rau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb.

3; Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov nqaij qaib plab hnyuv

Muaj ntau yam kab mob nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov ntawm ib txwm qaib, uas tswj kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm qaib.Tom qab siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, kev tuag thiab txo cov kab mob rhiab hauv plab hnyuv cuam tshuam. tus qauv ntawm kev sib nrig sib txwv ntawm cov kab mob flora, ua rau cov kab mob tshiab.Raws li ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm inhibit microorganisms, tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem inhibit thiab tua. tag nrho cov kab mob hauv cov nqaij qaib, uas tuaj yeem ua rau digestive mob thiab ua rau cov kab mob digestive.Tong Jianming li al. ntxiv 100 mg / kg gilomycin rau cov zaub mov tseem ceeb ntawm 1-hnub qub AA nqaij qaib, tus naj npawb ntawm Lactobacillus thiab bifidobacterium hauv qhov quav ntawm 7 hnub yog qhov tsawg dua li pawg tswj hwm, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus lej ntawm ob tus kab mob. tom qab 14 hnub ntawm hnub nyoog; Tus naj npawb ntawm Escherichia coli tau tsawg dua li pawg tswj hwm ntawm 7,14,21 thiab 28 hnub, thiab [12] nrog pawg tswj tom qab.Qhov kev sim ntawm Zhou Yanmin et al pom tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob cuam tshuam rau jejunum, E. coli. thiab Salmonella, thiab tseem inhibit Lactobacillus proliferation [13].Ma Yulong li al. noj 1-hnub pob kws soybean noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog 50 mg / kg aureomycin rau AA chicks rau 42 d, txo tus naj npawb ntawm Clostridium enterica thiab E. coli, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb [14] ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob aerobic, tag nrho cov kab mob anaerobic. thiab Lactobacillus naj npawb.Wu opan et al ntxiv 20 mg/kg Virginiamycin rau 1-hnub-laus AA nqaij qaib noj, uas txo cov polymorphism ntawm plab hnyuv flora, uas txo cov 14-hnub-laus ileal thiab cecal bands, thiab pom ib tug loj sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov kab mob daim ntawv qhia zoo sib xws [15].Xie et al ntxiv cephalosporin rau kev noj haus ntawm 1-hnub- laus daj tis qaib thiab pom tias nws cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm L. lactis hauv cov hnyuv, tab sis tuaj yeem txo qis L. [16] hauv qhov quav.Lei Xinjian ntxiv 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;; bactereracin zinc thiab 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin feem, uas txo qis tus naj npawb ntawm cechia coli thiab Lactobacillus hauv 42-hnub broilers.Yin Luyao li al ntxiv 0.1 g / kg ntawm bacracin zinc premix rau 70 d, uas txo cov abundance ntawm. kab mob phem nyob rau hauv cecum, tab sis muaj ntau ntawm cov cecum Cov kab mob microorganisms kuj txo qis [18] .Nws kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tsis sib xws hais tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm 20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy keeb tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kab mob bifidobacterium ntau dua [19] hauv cov ntsiab lus cecal ntawm 21-hnub broilers.

4; Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov nqaij qaib cov khoom zoo

Nqaij qaib thiab qe zoo muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov khoom noj nqaij qaib zoo yog qhov tsis sib xws.Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 60 hnub, ntxiv 5 mg / kg rau 60 d tuaj yeem ua rau cov leeg nqaij poob dej thiab txo tus nqi. ntawm cov nqaij siav, thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids thiab tseem ceeb fatty acids uas muaj feem xyuam rau freshness thiab qab zib, qhia tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj qhov cuam tshuam me ntsis rau lub cev ntawm cov nqaij zoo thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov tsw [20] ntawm nqaij qaib rau qee qhov.Wan Jianmei li al ntxiv virinamycin thiab enlamycin hauv 1-hnub AA nqaij qaib noj, uas tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. cuam ​​tshuam rau kev tua tsiaj los yog cov leeg nqaij zoo, thiab flavamycin txo qhov poob ntawm [4] hauv nqaij qaib hauv siab. Los ntawm 0.03% gilomycin mus rau 56 hnub ntawm lub hnub nyoog, kev tua tus nqi nce 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, hauv siab cov leeg ntawm 8.76%, thiab plab rog ntawm 19.82% [21]. Hauv 40-hnub noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog 50 mg / kg ntawm gilomycin rau 70 d, cov leeg nqaij pectoral nce 19.00%, thiab pectoral shear quab yuam thiab poob poob yog txo qis los ntawm [22].Yang Minxin tau noj 45 mg / kg ntawm gilomycin rau 1-hnub noj zaub mov yooj yim ntawm AA broilers ua rau txo qis cov leeg hauv siab thiab nce ntxiv [23] nrog T-SOD vitality thiab T- AOC qib hauv cov leeg nqaij.Kev kawm ntawm Zou Qiang li al ntawm tib lub sijhawm pub mis hauv ntau hom kev yug me nyuam tau pom tias qhov kev tshawb nrhiav masticatory nqi ntawm anti-cage gushi nqaij qaib mis tau txhim kho zoo; tab sis qhov rhiab thiab saj tau zoo dua thiab qhov kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau zoo heev [24].Liu Wenlong li al. pom tias tag nrho cov khoom tsis haum tshuaj, aldehydes, cawv thiab ketones tau siab dua li cov qaib dawb ntau dua li cov qaib hauv tsev. Kev yug me nyuam yam tsis tau ntxiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntsiab lus tsw ntawm [25] hauv cov qe ntau dua li cov tshuaj tua kab mob.

5; Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov khoom seem hauv cov nqaij qaib

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qee lub tuam txhab nrhiav kev txaus siab rau ib leeg, thiab kev tsim txom ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov khoom noj nqaij qaib.Wang Chunyan li al pom tias tetracycline residue hauv nqaij qaib thiab qe yog 4.66 mg / kg thiab 7.5 mg / kg feem, qhov kuaj pom tus nqi yog 33.3% thiab 60%; qhov siab tshaj residue ntawm streptomycin hauv qe yog 0.7 mg / kg thiab kuaj pom tus nqi yog 20% ​​[26].Wang Chunlin li al. noj cov zaub mov muaj zog ntxiv nrog 50 mg / kg ntawm gilmomycin rau 1-hnub nqaij qaib. Nqaij qaib muaj gilomycin residue nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab lub raum, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm [27] nyob rau hauv daim siab.Tom qab 12 d, cov seem ntawm gilmycin nyob rau hauv lub hauv siab cov leeg yog tsawg tshaj li 0.10 g / g (qhov siab tshaj qhov seem txwv); thiab cov seem hauv daim siab thiab lub raum yog 23 d raws li;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; tau qis dua qhov sib npaug siab tshaj qhov txwv tsis pub dhau [28] tom qab 28 d.Lin Xiaohua tau sib npaug rau 173 daim ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg thiab nqaij qaib sau hauv Guangzhou los ntawm 2006 txog 2008, tus nqi siab tshaj yog 21.96%, thiab cov ntsiab lus yog 0.16 mg / kg. ~ 9.54 mg / kg [29].Yan Xiaofeng txiav txim siab cov seem ntawm tsib tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob hauv 50 qe kuaj, thiab pom tias tetracycline thiab doxycycline muaj residual [30] nyob rau hauv cov qauv qe.Chen Lin li al. qhia tau hais tias nrog rau ncua sij hawm siv tshuaj, cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob nyob rau hauv lub hauv siab nqaij, ceg nqaij thiab daim siab, amoxicillin thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, amoxicillin thiab Doxycycline nyob rau hauv cov qe resistant, thiab ntau dua [31] nyob rau hauv cov qe resistant.Qiu Jinli li al. muab 250 mg/L rau broilers ntawm ntau hnub;; thiab 333 mg / L ntawm 50% hydrochloride soluble hmoov ib zaug ib hnub rau 5 d, feem ntau hauv daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov residue siab tshaj plaws hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg hauv qab [32] tom qab 5 d tshem tawm.

6; Cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qaib

Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntev ntev hauv cov tsiaj nyeg thiab cov nqaij qaib yuav tsim ntau yam kab mob-tiv taus, kom tag nrho cov kab mob pathogenic microbial flora yuav maj mam hloov mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau [33].Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv. Cov kab mob nqaij qaib tau dhau los ua hnyav zuj zus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nce zuj zus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau dhau los ua ntau thiab dav, thiab rhiab heev rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob txo, uas ua rau nyuaj rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tswj.Liu Jinhua li al. 116 S. aureus strains cais tawm ntawm qee qhov nqaij qaib ua liaj ua teb hauv Beijing thiab Hebei pom cov qib sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, feem ntau muaj ntau yam tsis kam, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv S. aureus muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm xyoo los ntawm xyoo [34].Zhang Xiuying li al. cais 25 Salmonella hom los ntawm qee lub tsev qaib hauv Jiangxi, Liaoning thiab Guangdong, tsuas yog nkag siab rau kanamycin thiab ceftriaxone, thiab cov nqi tiv thaiv rau nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin thiab 0% ntau dua fluoro. 35].Xu Yuan ua al. pom tias 30 E. coli hom cais nyob rau hauv Harbin muaj qhov sib txawv rhiab heev rau 18 tshuaj tua kab mob, ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin thiab ciprofloxacin yog 100%, thiab rhiab heev [36] rau amtreonam, amomycin thiab polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen ua al. cais 10 hom kab mob streptococcus los ntawm cov nqaij qaib tuag, tiv taus tag nrho rau nalidixic acid thiab lomesloxacin, rhiab heev rau kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin thiab meloxicillin, thiab muaj qee yam tsis kam [37] rau ntau lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau pom. 72 hom jejuni muaj ntau qib sib txawv kev tiv thaiv rau quinolones, cephalosporins, tetracyclines yog cov resistant heev, penicillin, sulfonamide yog nruab nrab kuj, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides yog tsis tshua muaj kuj [38].Cov teb sib xyaw coccidium, madurycin, chloropepyridine, halilomycin thiab ua tiav tsis kam [39].

Yuav kom suav tau, kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev lag luam nqaij qaib tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tsim khoom, txo cov kab mob, tab sis kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntev thiab dav siv tsis tau tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab plab hnyuv micro ecological tshuav nyiaj li cas, txo qhov zoo ntawm cov nqaij thiab tsw, ntawm lub cev. Tib lub sijhawm yuav tsim cov kab mob tsis zoo thiab cov tshuaj seem hauv cov nqaij thiab qe, cuam tshuam rau qaib cov kab mob tiv thaiv thiab tswj thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov zaub mov, ua rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv.In 1986, Sweden yog thawj zaug txwv tsis pub tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev pub, thiab hauv Xyoo 2006, European Union tau txwv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov tsiaj nyeg thiab nqaij qaib pub, thiab maj mam thoob plaws ntiaj teb.In 2017, Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb tau thov kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob los txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tsiaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov kev sib tw dav dav. nquag ua tiav cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob, ua ke nrog kev siv lwm yam kev tswj hwm kev ntsuas thiab thev naus laus zis, thiab txhawb kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev yug me nyuam, uas tseem yuav dhau los ua txoj kev loj hlob. ntawm kev lag luam nqaij qaib yav tom ntej.

Cov ntaub ntawv: (39 kab lus, tshem tawm)